What if the main method is declared as private?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." message.
What is meant by pass by reference and pass by value in Java?
Pass by reference means, passing the address itself rather than passing the value. Pass by value means passing a copy of the value.
If you’re overriding the method equals() of an object, which other method you might also consider?
hashCode()
What is Byte Code?
Or
What gives java it’s “write once and run anywhere” nature?
All Java programs are compiled into class files that contain bytecodes. These byte codes can be run in any platform and hence java is said to be platform independent.
Expain the reason for each keyword of public static void main(String args[])?
public- main(..) is the first method called by java environment when a program is executed so it has to accessible from java environment. Hence the access specifier has to be public.
static: Java environment should be able to call this method without creating an instance of the class , so this method must be declared as static.
void: main does not return anything so the return type must be void
The argument String indicates the argument type which is given at the command line and arg is an array for string given during command line.
What are the differences between == and .equals() ?
Or
what is difference between == and equals
Or
Difference between == and equals method
Or
What would you use to compare two String variables - the operator == or the method equals()?
Or
How is it possible for two String objects with identical values not to be equal under the == operator?
The == operator compares two objects to determine if they are the same object in memory i.e. present in the same memory location. It is possible for two String objects to have the same value, but located in different areas of memory.
== compares references while .equals compares contents. The method public boolean equals(Object obj) is provided by the Object class and can be overridden. The default implementation returns true only if the object is compared with itself, which is equivalent to the equality operator == being used to compare aliases to the object. String, BitSet, Date, and File override the equals() method. For two String objects, value equality means that they contain the same character sequence. For the Wrapper classes, value equality means that the primitive values are equal.
public class EqualsTest{
public static void main(String[] args){
String s1 = "abc";
String s2 = s1;
String s5 = "abc";
String s3 = new String("abc");
String s4 = new String("abc");
// if we remove the brackets around "s1 == s5' it gives a different result.
System.out.println("== comparison : " +(s1 == s5));
System.out.println("== comparison : " +(s1 == s2));
System.out.println("Using equals method : " +s1.equals(s2));
System.out.println("== comparison : " +s3 == s4);
System.out.println("Using equals method : " +s3.equals(s4));
}
}
Output
== comparison : true
== comparison : true
Using equals method : true
false
Using equals method : true
What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
Or
What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".
Why oracle Type 4 driver is named as oracle thin driver?
Oracle provides a Type 4 JDBC driver, referred to as the Oracle “thin” driver. This driver includes its own implementation of a TCP/IP version of Oracle’s Net8 written entirely in Java, so it is platform independent, can be downloaded to a browser at runtime, and does not require any Oracle software on the client side. This driver requires a TCP/IP listener on the server side, and the client connection string uses the TCP/IP port address, not the TNSNAMES entry for the database name.
What is the difference between final, finally and finalize? What do you understand by the java final keyword?
Or
What is final, finalize() and finally?
Or
What is finalize() method?
Or
What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?
Or
What does it mean that a class or member is final?
o final - declare constant
o finally - handles exception
o finalize - helps in garbage collection
Variables defined in an interface are implicitly final. A final class can't be extended i.e., final class may not be subclassed. This is done for security reasons with basic classes like String and Integer. It also allows the compiler to make some optimizations, and makes thread safety a little easier to achieve. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant). finalize() method is used just before an object is destroyed and garbage collected. finally, a key word used in exception handling and will be executed whether or not an exception is thrown. For example, closing of open connections is done in the finally method.
What is the Java API?
The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets.
What is the GregorianCalendar class?
The GregorianCalendar provides support for traditional Western calendars.
What is the ResourceBundle class?
The ResourceBundle class is used to store locale-specific resources that can be loaded by a program to tailor the program's appearance to the particular locale in which it is being run.
Why there are no global variables in Java?
Global variables are globally accessible. Java does not support globally accessible variables due to following reasons:
* The global variables breaks the referential transparency
* Global variables creates collisions in namespace.
How to convert String to Number in java program?
The valueOf() function of Integer class is is used to convert string to Number. Here is the code example:
String numString = "1000";
int id=Integer.valueOf(numString).intValue();
What is the SimpleTimeZone class?
The SimpleTimeZone class provides support for a Gregorian calendar.
What is the difference between a while statement and a do statement?
A while statement (pre test) checks at the beginning of a loop to see whether the next loop iteration should occur. A do while statement (post test) checks at the end of a loop to see whether the next iteration of a loop should occur. The do statement will always execute the loop body at least once.
What is the Locale class?
The Locale class is used to tailor a program output to the conventions of a particular geographic, political, or cultural region.
Describe the principles of OOPS.
There are three main principals of oops which are called Polymorphism, Inheritance and Encapsulation.
Explain the Inheritance principle.
Inheritance is the process by which one object acquires the properties of another object. Inheritance allows well-tested procedures to be reused and enables changes to make once and have effect in all relevant places
What is implicit casting?
Implicit casting is the process of simply assigning one entity to another without any transformation guidance to the compiler. This type of casting is not permitted in all kinds of transformations and may not work for all scenarios.
Example
int i = 1000;
long j = i; //Implicit casting
Is sizeof a keyword in java?
The sizeof operator is not a keyword.
What is a native method?
A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than Java.
In System.out.println(), what is System, out and println?
System is a predefined final class, out is a PrintStream object and println is a built-in overloaded method in the out object.
What are Encapsulation, Inheritance and Polymorphism
Or
Explain the Polymorphism principle. Explain the different forms of Polymorphism.
Polymorphism in simple terms means one name many forms. Polymorphism enables one entity to be used as a general category for different types of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation.
Polymorphism exists in three distinct forms in Java:
• Method overloading
• Method overriding through inheritance
• Method overriding through the Java interface
What is explicit casting?
Explicit casting in the process in which the complier are specifically informed to about transforming the object.
Example
long i = 700.20;
int j = (int) i; //Explicit casting
What is the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
The Java Virtual Machine is software that can be ported onto various hardware-based platforms
What do you understand by downcasting?
The process of Downcasting refers to the casting from a general to a more specific type, i.e. casting down the hierarchy
What are Java Access Specifiers?
Or
What is the difference between public, private, protected and default Access Specifiers?
Or
What are different types of access modifiers?
Access specifiers are keywords that determine the type of access to the member of a class. These keywords are for allowing privileges to parts of a program such as functions and variables. These are:
• Public: accessible to all classes
• Protected: accessible to the classes within the same package and any subclasses.
• Private: accessible only to the class to which they belong
• Default: accessible to the class to which they belong and to subclasses within the same package
Which class is the superclass of every class?
Object.
Name primitive Java types.
The 8 primitive types are byte, char, short, int, long, float, double, and boolean.
What is the difference between static and non-static variables?
Or
What are class variables?
Or
What is static in java?
Or
What is a static method?
A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Each object will share a common copy of the static variables i.e. there is only one copy per class, no matter how many objects are created from it. Class variables or static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class. These are declared outside a class and stored in static memory. Class variables are mostly used for constants. Static variables are always called by the class name. This variable is created when the program starts and gets destroyed when the programs stops. The scope of the class variable is same an instance variable. Its initial value is same as instance variable and gets a default value when its not initialized corresponding to the data type. Similarly, a static method is a method that belongs to the class rather than any object of the class and doesn't apply to an object or even require that any objects of the class have been instantiated.
Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a non-static method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.
What is the difference between the boolean & operator and the && operator?
If an expression involving the boolean & operator is evaluated, both operands are evaluated, whereas the && operator is a short cut operator. When an expression involving the && operator is evaluated, the first operand is evaluated. If the first operand returns a value of true then the second operand is evaluated. If the first operand evaluates to false, the evaluation of the second operand is skipped.
How does Java handle integer overflows and underflows?
It uses those low order bytes of the result that can fit into the size of the type allowed by the operation.
What if I write static public void instead of public static void?
Program compiles and runs properly.
What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable?
In declaration we only mention the type of the variable and its name without initializing it. Defining means declaration + initialization. E.g. String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("bob"); Or String s = "bob"; are both definitions.
What type of parameter passing does Java support?
In Java the arguments (primitives and objects) are always passed by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object.
Explain the Encapsulation principle.
Encapsulation is a process of binding or wrapping the data and the codes that operates on the data into a single entity. This keeps the data safe from outside interface and misuse. Objects allow procedures to be encapsulated with their data to reduce potential interference. One way to think about encapsulation is as a protective wrapper that prevents code and data from being arbitrarily accessed by other code defined outside the wrapper.
What do you understand by a variable?
Variable is a named memory location that can be easily referred in the program. The variable is used to hold the data and it can be changed during the course of the execution of the program.
What do you understand by numeric promotion?
The Numeric promotion is the conversion of a smaller numeric type to a larger numeric type, so that integral and floating-point operations may take place. In the numerical promotion process the byte, char, and short values are converted to int values. The int values are also converted to long values, if necessary. The long and float values are converted to double values, as required.
What do you understand by casting in java language? What are the types of casting?
The process of converting one data type to another is called Casting. There are two types of casting in Java; these are implicit casting and explicit casting.
What is the first argument of the String array in main method?
The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by default is the program name. If we do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of main method will be empty but not null.
How can one prove that the array is not null but empty?
Print array.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print array.length.
Can an application have multiple classes having main method?
Yes. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method.
When is static variable loaded? Is it at compile time or runtime? When exactly a static block is loaded in Java?
Static variable are loaded when classloader brings the class to the JVM. It is not necessary that an object has to be created. Static variables will be allocated memory space when they have been loaded. The code in a static block is loaded/executed only once i.e. when the class is first initialized. A class can have any number of static blocks. Static block is not member of a class, they do not have a return statement and they cannot be called directly. Cannot contain this or super. They are primarily used to initialize static fields.
Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class.
Explain working of Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?
JVM is an abstract computing machine like any other real computing machine which first converts .java file into .class file by using Compiler (.class is nothing but byte code file.) and Interpreter reads byte codes.
How can I swap two variables without using a third variable?
Add two variables and assign the value into First variable. Subtract the Second value with the result Value. and assign to Second variable. Subtract the Result of First Variable With Result of Second Variable and Assign to First Variable. Example:
int a=5,b=10;a=a+b; b=a-b; a=a-b;
What is data encapsulation?
Encapsulation may be used by creating 'get' and 'set' methods in a class (JAVABEAN) which are used to access the fields of the object. Typically the fields are made private while the get and set methods are public. Encapsulation can be used to validate the data that is to be stored, to do calculations on data that is stored in a field or fields, or for use in introspection (often the case when using javabeans in Struts, for instance). Wrapping of data and function into a single unit is called as data encapsulation. Encapsulation is nothing but wrapping up the data and associated methods into a single unit in such a way that data can be accessed with the help of associated methods. Encapsulation provides data security. It is nothing but data hiding.
What is reflection API? How are they implemented?
Reflection is the process of introspecting the features and state of a class at runtime and dynamically manipulate at run time. This is supported using Reflection API with built-in classes like Class, Method, Fields, Constructors etc. Example: Using Java Reflection API we can get the class name, by using the getName method.
Does JVM maintain a cache by itself? Does the JVM allocate objects in heap? Is this the OS heap or the heap maintained by the JVM? Why
Yes, the JVM maintains a cache by itself. It creates the Objects on the HEAP, but references to those objects are on the STACK.
What is phantom memory?
Phantom memory is false memory. Memory that does not exist in reality.
Can a method be static and synchronized?
A static method can be synchronized. If you do so, the JVM will obtain a lock on the java.lang. Class instance associated with the object. It is similar to saying:
synchronized(XYZ.class) {
}
What is difference between String and StringTokenizer?
A StringTokenizer is utility class used to break up string.
Example:
StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer("Hello World");
while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
System.out.println(st.nextToken());
}
Output:
Hello
World
Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?
Or
Which package is always imported by default?
No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM. The java.lang package is always imported by default.
Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains anything about it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
Does importing a package imports the sub packages as well? E.g. Does importing com.bob.* also import com.bob.code.*?
No you will have to import the sub packages explicitly. Importing com.bob.* will import classes in the package bob only. It will not import any class in any of its sub package’s.
What is a Java package and how is it used?
Or
Explain the usage of Java packages.
A Java package is a naming context for classes and interfaces. A package is used to create a separate name space for groups of classes and interfaces. Packages are also used to organize related classes and interfaces into a single API unit and to control accessibility to these classes and interfaces.
For example: The Java API is grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as package.
Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? e.g. will the code containing an import such as java.lang.BOB compile?
Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying, cannot resolve symbol.
What restrictions are placed on method overloading?
Two methods may not have the same name and argument list but different return types.
What is the difference between String and StringBuffer?
String objects are immutable whereas StringBuffer objects are not. StringBuffer unlike Strings support growable and modifiable strings.
Can a private method of a superclass be declared within a subclass?
Sure. A private field or method or inner class belongs to its declared class and hides from its subclasses. There is no way for private stuff to have a runtime overloading or overriding (polymorphism) features.
What is the default value of an object reference declared as an instance variable?
null unless we define it explicitly.
What is the difference between a constructor and a method?
Or
How can a subclass call a method or a constructor defined in a superclass?
A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class, invoked using the new operator. It has the same name as the class and has no return type. They are only called once, whereas member functions can be called many times. A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator. Constructor will be automatically invoked when an object is created whereas method has to be called explicitly.
super.method(); is used to call a super class method from a sub class. To call a constructor of the super class, we use the super(); statement as the first line of the subclass’s constructor.
Can a top-level class be private or protected?
No. A top-level class cannot be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access. If a top level class is declared as private/protected the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here”.
Why Java does not support multiple inheritance?
Java does support multiple inheritance via interface implementation.
Where and how can you use a private constructor?
Private constructor can be used if you do not want any other class to instantiate the class. This concept is generally used in Singleton Design Pattern. The instantiation of such classes is done from a static public method.
How are this() and super() used with constructors?
this() is used to invoke a constructor of the same class. super() is used to invoke a superclass constructor.
What is Method Overriding? What restrictions are placed on method overriding?
When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and argument list as that of a method in its superclass, the method in the subclass is said to override the method present in the Superclass. When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass.
Restrictions placed on method overriding
• Overridden methods must have the same name, argument list, and return type.
• The overriding method may not limit the access of the method it overrides. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.
• The overriding method may not throw any exceptions that may not be thrown by the overridden method.
What are the Object and Class classes used for? Which class should you use to obtain design information about an object? Differentiate between a Class and an Object?
The Object class is the highest-level class in the Java class hierarchy. The Class class is used to represent the classes and interfaces that are loaded by a Java program. The Class class is used to obtain information about an object's design. A Class is only a definition or prototype of real life object. Whereas an object is an instance or living representation of real life object. Every object belongs to a class and every class contains one or more related objects.
What is a singleton class?
Or
What is singleton pattern?
This design pattern is used by an application to ensure that at any time there is only one instance of a class created. You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class and having a getter method which returns an object of the class and creates one for the first time if its null.
What is method overloading and method overriding?
Or
What is difference between overloading and overriding?
Method overloading: When 2 or more methods in a class have the same method names with different arguments, it is said to be method overloading. Overloading does not block inheritance from the superclass. Overloaded methods must have different method signatures
Method overriding : When a method in a class has the same method name with same arguments as that of the superclass, it is said to be method overriding. Overriding blocks inheritance from the superclass. Overridden methods must have same signature.
Basically overloading and overriding are different aspects of polymorphism.
static/early binding polymorphism: overloading
dynamic/late binding polymorphism: overriding
If a class is declared without any access modifiers, where may the class be accessed?
A class that is declared without any access modifiers is said to have package or default access. This means that the class can only be accessed by other classes and interfaces that are defined within the same package.
Does a class inherit the constructors of its superclass?
A class does not inherit constructors from any of its super classes.
Which java.util classes and interfaces support event handling?
The EventObject class and the EventListener interface support event processing
Can an object's finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable?
An object's finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable. However, an object's finalize() method may be invoked by other objects.
What is the purpose of the Runtime class?
The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system.
It returns the runtime information like memory availability.
* Runtime.freeMemory() --> Returns JVM Free Memory
* Runtime.maxMemory() --> Returns the maximum amount of memory that the JVM will attempt to use. It also helps to run the garbage collector
* Runtime.gc()
What is the purpose of the System class?
The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources.
Can an unreachable object become reachable again?
An unreachable object may become reachable again. This can happen when the object's finalize() method is invoked and the object performs an operation which causes it to become accessible to reachable object.
What is a bean? Where can it be used?
A Bean is a reusable and self-contained software component. Beans created using java take advantage of all the security and
platform independent features of java. Bean can be plugged into any software application. Bean is a simple class which has set
and get methods. It could be used within a JSP using JSP tags to use them.
What is the functionality of instanceOf() ?
instanceOf opertaor is used to check whether an object can be cast to a specific type without throwing ClassCastException.
What would happen if you say this = null?
It will come up with Error Message
"The left-hand side of an assignment must be a variable".
I want to create two instances of a class ,But when trying for creating third instance it should not allow me to create . What i have to do for making this?
One way of doing this would be:
public class test1
{
static int cntr=0;
test1()
{ cntr++;
if(cntr>2)
throw new NullPointerException();//u can define a new exception // for this
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
test1 t1= new test1();
System.out.println("hello 1");
test1 t2= new test1();
System.out.println("hello 2");
test1 t3= new test1();
}
}
What is the difference between an object and an instance?
An Object May not have a class definition. eg int a[] where a is an array.
An Instance should have a class definition.
eg MyClass my=new MyClass();
my is an instance.
What is heap in Java?
It is a memory area which stores all the objects created by an executing program.
Why default constructor of base class will be called first in java?
A subclass inherits all the methods and fields (eligible one) from the base class, so base class is constructed in the process of creation of subclass object (subclass is also an object of superclass). Hence before initializing the default value of sub class the super class should be initialized using the default constructor.
What are the other ways to create an object other than creating as new object?
We can create object in different ways;
1.new operator
2.class.forName: Classname obj = Class.forName("Fully Qualified class Name").newInstance();
3.newInstance
4.object.clone
What is the difference between instance, object, reference and a class?
Class: A class is a user defined data type with set of data members & member functions
Object: An Object is an instance of a class
Reference: A reference is just like a pointer pointing to an object
Instance: This represents the values of data members of a class at a particular time
Explain garbage collection?
Or
How you can force the garbage collection?
Or
What is the purpose of garbage collection in Java, and when is it used?
Or
What is Garbage Collection and how to call it explicitly?
Or
Explain Garbage collection mechanism in Java?
Garbage collection is one of the most important features of Java. The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects that are no longer needed by a program so that their resources can be reclaimed and reused. A Java object is subject to garbage collection when it becomes unreachable to the program in which it is used. Garbage collection is also called automatic memory management as JVM automatically removes the unused variables/objects (value is null) from the memory. Every class inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable when no more in use.
In Java on calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected. Garbage collection is an automatic process and can't be forced. There is no guarantee that Garbage collection will start immediately upon request of System.gc().
What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?
It is a daemon thread.
Can an object’s finalize() method be invoked while it is reachable?
An object’s finalize() method cannot be invoked by the garbage collector while the object is still reachable. However, an object’s finalize() method may be invoked by other objects.
Does garbage collection guarantee that a program will not run out of memory?
Garbage collection does not guarantee that a program will not run out of memory. It is possible for programs to use up memory resources faster than they are garbage collected. It is also possible for programs to create objects that are not subject to garbage collection.
What is the purpose of finalization?
The purpose of finalization is to give an unreachable object the opportunity to perform any cleanup, before the object gets garbage collected. For example, closing an opened database Connection.
If an object is garbage collected, can it become reachable again?
Once an object is garbage collected, It can no longer become reachable again.
How many methods in the Serializable interface? Which methods of Serializable interface should I implement?
There is no method in the Serializable interface. It’s an empty interface which does not contain any methods. The Serializable interface acts as a marker, telling the object serialization tools that the class is serializable. So we do not implement any methods.
What is the difference between Serializalble and Externalizable interface? How can you control over the serialization process i.e. how can you customize the seralization process?
When you use Serializable interface, your class is serialized automatically by default. But you can override writeObject() and readObject() two methods to control more complex object serailization process. When you use Externalizable interface, you have a complete control over your class's serialization process. This interface contains two methods namely readExternal and writeExternal. You should implement these methods and write the logic for customizing the serialization process.
How to make a class or a bean serializable? How do I serialize an object to a file?
Or
What interface must an object implement before it can be written to a stream as an object?
An object must implement the Serializable or Externalizable interface before it can be written to a stream as an object. The class whose instances are to be serialized should implement an interface Serializable. Then you pass the instance to the ObjectOutputStream which is connected to a fileoutputstream. This will save the object to a file.
What happens to the object references included in the object?
The serialization mechanism generates an object graph for serialization. Thus it determines whether the included object references are serializable or not. This is a recursive process. Thus when an object is serialized, all the included objects are also serialized alongwith the original object.
What is serialization?
The serialization is a kind of mechanism that makes a class or a bean persistent by having its properties or fields and state information saved and restored to and from storage. That is, it is a mechanism with which you can save the state of an object by converting it to a byte stream.
Common Usage of serialization.
Whenever an object is to be sent over the network or saved in a file, objects are serialized.
What happens to the static fields of a class during serialization?
There are three exceptions in which serialization doesn’t necessarily read and write to the stream. These are
1. Serialization ignores static fields, because they are not part of any particular state.
2. Base class fields are only handled if the base class itself is serializable.
3. Transient fields.
What one should take care of while serializing the object?
One should make sure that all the included objects are also serializable. If any of the objects is not serializable then it throws a NotSerializableException.
What is a transient variable?
Or
Explain the usage of the keyword transient?
Or
What are Transient and Volatile Modifiers
A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized i.e. the value of the variable can’t be written to the stream in a Serializable class. If you don't want some field to be serialized, you can mark that field transient or static. In such a case when the class is retrieved from the ObjectStream the value of the variable is null.
Volatile modifier applies to variables only and it tells the compiler that the variable modified by volatile can be changed unexpectedly by other parts of the program.
What is Serialization and deserialization?
Serialization is the process of writing the state of an object to a byte stream. Deserialization is the process of restoring these objects.
What is Externalizable?
Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods.
What is HashMap and Map?
Map is Interface and Hashmap is class that implements this interface.
What is the significance of ListIterator?
Or
What is the difference b/w Iterator and ListIterator?
Iterator : Enables you to cycle through a collection in the forward direction only, for obtaining or removing elements
ListIterator :It extends Iterator, allow bidirectional traversal of list and the modification of elements
Difference between HashMap and HashTable? Can we make hashmap synchronized?
1. The HashMap class is roughly equivalent to Hashtable, except that it is unsynchronized and permits nulls. (HashMap allows null values as key and value whereas Hashtable doesn’t allow nulls).
2. HashMap does not guarantee that the order of the map will remain constant over time.
3. HashMap is non synchronized whereas Hashtable is synchronized.
4. Iterator in the HashMap is fail-safe while the enumerator for the Hashtable isn't.
Note on Some Important Terms
1)Synchronized means only one thread can modify a hash table at one point of time. Basically, it means that any thread before performing an update on a hashtable will have to acquire a lock on the object while others will wait for lock to be released.
2)Fail-safe is relevant from the context of iterators. If an iterator has been created on a collection object and some other thread tries to modify the collection object "structurally”, a concurrent modification exception will be thrown. It is possible for other threads though to invoke "set" method since it doesn’t modify the collection "structurally”. However, if prior to calling "set", the collection has been modified structurally, "IllegalArgumentException" will be thrown.
HashMap can be synchronized by
Map m = Collections.synchronizeMap(hashMap);
What is the difference between set and list?
A Set stores elements in an unordered way and does not contain duplicate elements, whereas a list stores elements in an ordered way but may contain duplicate elements.
Difference between Vector and ArrayList? What is the Vector class?
Vector is synchronized whereas ArrayList is not. The Vector class provides the capability to implement a growable array of objects. ArrayList and Vector class both implement the List interface. Both classes are implemented using dynamically resizable arrays, providing fast random access and fast traversal. In vector the data is retrieved using the elementAt() method while in ArrayList, it is done using the get() method. ArrayList has no default size while vector has a default size of 10. when you want programs to run in multithreading environment then use concept of vector because it is synchronized. But ArrayList is not synchronized so, avoid use of it in a multithreading environment.
What is an Iterator interface? Is Iterator a Class or Interface? What is its use?
The Iterator is an interface, used to traverse through the elements of a Collection. It is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.
What is the Collections API?
The Collections API is a set of classes and interfaces that support operations on collections of objects.
Example of classes: HashSet, HashMap, ArrayList, LinkedList, TreeSet and TreeMap.
Example of interfaces: Collection, Set, List and Map.
What is the List interface?
The List interface provides support for ordered collections of objects.
How can we access elements of a collection?
We can access the elements of a collection using the following ways:
1.Every collection object has get(index) method to get the element of the object. This method will return Object.
2.Collection provide Enumeration or Iterator object so that we can get the objects of a collection one by one.
What is the Set interface?
The Set interface provides methods for accessing the elements of a finite mathematical set. Sets do not allow duplicate elements.
What’s the difference between a queue and a stack?
Stack is a data structure that is based on last-in-first-out rule (LIFO), while queues are based on First-in-first-out (FIFO) rule.
What is the Map interface?
The Map interface is used associate keys with values.
What is the Properties class?
The properties class is a subclass of Hashtable that can be read from or written to a stream. It also provides the capability to specify a set of default values to be used.
Which implementation of the List interface provides for the fastest insertion of a new element into the middle of the list?
| a. | Vector |
| b. | ArrayList |
| c. | LinkedList |
| d. | None of the above |
ArrayList and Vector both use an array to store the elements of the list. When an element is inserted into the middle of the list the elements that follow the insertion point must be shifted to make room for the new element. The LinkedList is implemented using a doubly linked list; an insertion requires only the updating of the links at the point of insertion. Therefore, the LinkedList allows for fast insertions and deletions.
How can we use hashset in collection interface?
This class implements the set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time. This class permits the Null element.
This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size), assuming the hash function disperses the elements properly among the buckets.
What are differences between Enumeration, ArrayList, Hashtable and Collections and Collection?
Enumeration: It is series of elements. It can be use to enumerate through the elements of a vector, keys or values of a hashtable. You can not remove elements from Enumeration.
ArrayList: It is re-sizable array implementation. Belongs to 'List' group in collection. It permits all elements, including null. It is not thread -safe.
Hashtable: It maps key to value. You can use non-null value for key or value. It is part of group Map in collection.
Collections: It implements Polymorphic algorithms which operate on collections.
Collection: It is the root interface in the collection hierarchy.
What is difference between array & arraylist?
An ArrayList is resizable, where as, an array is not. ArrayList is a part of the Collection Framework. We can store any type of objects, and we can deal with only objects. It is growable. Array is collection of similar data items. We can have array of primitives or objects. It is of fixed size. We can have multi dimensional arrays.
Array: can store primitive ArrayList: Stores object only
Array: fix size ArrayList: resizable
Array: can have multi dimensional
Array: lang ArrayList: Collection framework
Can you limit the initial capacity of vector in java?
Yes you can limit the initial capacity. We can construct an empty vector with specified initial capacity
public vector(int initialcapacity)
What method should the key class of Hashmap override?
The methods to override are equals() and hashCode().
What is the difference between Enumeration and Iterator?
The functionality of Enumeration interface is duplicated by the Iterator interface. Iterator has a remove() method while Enumeration doesn't. Enumeration acts as Read-only interface, because it has the methods only to traverse and fetch the objects, where as using Iterator we can manipulate the objects also like adding and removing the objects.
So Enumeration is used when ever we want to make Collection objects as Read-only.
What is the difference between Abstract class and Interface
Or
When should you use an abstract class, when an interface, when both?
Or
What is similarities/difference between an Abstract class and Interface?
Or
What is the difference between interface and an abstract class?
1. Abstract class is a class which contain one or more abstract methods, which has to be implemented by sub classes. An abstract class can contain no abstract methods also i.e. abstract class may contain concrete methods. A Java Interface can contain only method declarations and public static final constants and doesn't contain their implementation. The classes which implement the Interface must provide the method definition for all the methods present.
2. Abstract class definition begins with the keyword "abstract" keyword followed by Class definition. An Interface definition begins with the keyword "interface".
3. Abstract classes are useful in a situation when some general methods should be implemented and specialization behavior should be implemented by subclasses. Interfaces are useful in a situation when all its properties need to be implemented by subclasses
4. All variables in an Interface are by default - public static final while an abstract class can have instance variables.
5. An interface is also used in situations when a class needs to extend an other class apart from the abstract class. In such situations its not possible to have multiple inheritance of classes. An interface on the other hand can be used when it is required to implement one or more interfaces. Abstract class does not support Multiple Inheritance whereas an Interface supports multiple Inheritance.
6. An Interface can only have public members whereas an abstract class can contain private as well as protected members.
7. A class implementing an interface must implement all of the methods defined in the interface, while a class extending an abstract class need not implement any of the methods defined in the abstract class.
8. The problem with an interface is, if you want to add a new feature (method) in its contract, then you MUST implement those method in all of the classes which implement that interface. However, in the case of an abstract class, the method can be simply implemented in the abstract class and the same can be called by its subclass
9. Interfaces are slow as it requires extra indirection to to find corresponding method in in the actual class. Abstract classes are fast
10.Interfaces are often used to describe the peripheral abilities of a class, and not its central identity, E.g. an Automobile class might implement the Recyclable interface, which could apply to many otherwise totally unrelated objects.
Note: There is no difference between a fully abstract class (all methods declared as abstract and all fields are public static final) and an interface.
Note: If the various objects are all of-a-kind, and share a common state and behavior, then tend towards a common base class. If all they share is a set of method signatures, then tend towards an interface.
Similarities:
Neither Abstract classes nor Interface can be instantiated.
What does it mean that a method or class is abstract?
An abstract class cannot be instantiated. Only its subclasses can be instantiated. A class that has one or more abstract methods must be declared abstract. A subclass that does not provide an implementation for its inherited abstract methods must also be declared abstract. You indicate that a class is abstract with the abstract keyword like this:
public abstract class AbstractClass
Abstract classes may contain abstract methods. A method declared abstract is not actually implemented in the class. It exists only to be overridden in subclasses. Abstract methods may only be included in abstract classes. However, an abstract class is not required to have any abstract methods, though most of them do. Each subclass of an abstract class must override the abstract methods of its superclasses or itself be declared abstract. Only the method’s prototype is provided in the class definition. Also, a final method can not be abstract and vice versa. Methods specified in an interface are implicitly abstract.
. It has no body. For example,
public abstract float getInfo()
What must a class do to implement an interface?
The class must provide all of the methods in the interface and identify the interface in its implements clause.
What is an abstract method?
An abstract method is a method whose implementation is deferred to a subclass.
What is interface? How to support multiple inhertance in Java?
Or
What is a cloneable interface and how many methods does it contain?
An Interface are implicitly abstract and public. Interfaces with empty bodies are called marker interfaces having certain property or behavior. Examples: java.lang.Cloneable,java.io.Serializable,java.util.EventListener. An interface body can contain constant declarations, method prototype declarations, nested class declarations, and nested interface declarations.
Interfaces provide support for multiple inheritance in Java. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.
Example of Interface:
public interface sampleInterface {
public void functionOne();
public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000;
}
What is an abstract class?
Or
Can you make an instance of an abstract class?
Abstract classes can contain abstract and concrete methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly i.e. we cannot call the constructor of an abstract class directly nor we can create an instance of an abstract class by using
“Class.forName().newInstance()”
(Here we get java.lang.InstantiationException).
However, if we create an instance of a class that extends an Abstract class, compiler will initialize both the classes. Here compiler will implicitly call the constructor of the Abstract class. Any class that contain an abstract method must be declared “abstract” and abstract methods can have definitions only in child classes. By overriding and customizing the abstract methods in more than one subclass makes “Polymorphism” and through Inheritance we define body to the abstract methods.
Basically an abstract class serves as a template. Abstract class must be extended/subclassed for it to be implemented. A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated. Abstract class is a class that provides some general functionality but leaves specific implementation to its inheriting classes.
Example of Abstract class:
abstract class AbstractClassExample{
protected String name;
public String getname() {
return name;
}
public abstract void function();
}
Example: Vehicle is an abstract class and Bus Truck, car etc are specific implementations
No! You cannot make an instance of an abstract class. An abstract class has to be sub-classed. If you have an abstract class and you want to use a method which has been implemented, you may need to subclass that abstract class, instantiate your subclass and then call that method.
What is meant by "Abstract Interface"?
Firstly, an interface is abstract. That means you cannot have any implementation in an interface. All the methods declared in an interface are abstract methods or signatures of the methods.
How to define an Interface?
In Java Interface defines the methods but does not implement them. Interface can include constants. A class that implements the interfaces is bound to implement all the methods defined in Interface.
Example of Interface:
public interface SampleInterface {
public void functionOne();
public long CONSTANT_ONE = 1000;
}
Can Abstract Class have constructors? Can interfaces have constructors?
Abstract class's can have a constructor, but you cannot access it through the object, since you cannot instantiate abstract
class. To access the constructor create a sub class and extend the abstract class which is having the constructor.
Example
public abstract class AbstractExample {
public AbstractExample(){
System.out.println("In AbstractExample()");
}
}
public class Test extends AbstractExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
Test obj=new Test();
}
}
If interface & abstract class have same methods and those methods contain no implementation, which one would you prefer?
Obviously one should ideally go for an interface, as we can only extend one class. Implementing an interface for a class is very much effective rather than extending an abstract class because we can extend some other useful class for this subclass.
Explain the user defined Exceptions?
User defined Exceptions are custom Exception classes defined by the user for specific purpose. A user defined exception can be created by simply sub-classing an Exception class or a subclass of an Exception class. This allows custom exceptions to be generated (using throw clause) and caught in the same way as normal exceptions.
Example:
class CustomException extends Exception {
}
What classes of exceptions may be caught by a catch clause?
A catch clause can catch any exception that may be assigned to the Throwable type. This includes the Error and Exception types. Errors are generally irrecoverable conditions
What is the difference between exception and error?
Error's are irrecoverable exceptions. Usually a program terminates when an error is encountered.
What is the difference between throw and throws keywords?
The throw keyword denotes a statement that causes an exception to be initiated. It takes the Exception object to be thrown as an argument. The exception will be caught by an enclosing try-catch block or propagated further up the calling hierarchy. The throws keyword is a modifier of a method that denotes that an exception may be thrown by the method. An exception can be rethrown.
What class of exceptions are generated by the Java run-time system?
The Java runtime system generates Runtime Exceptions and Errors.
What is the base class for Error and Exception?
Throwable
What are Checked and Unchecked Exceptions?
A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the exception may be thrown. Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Example: IOException.
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. Example: ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException. Errors are often irrecoverable conditions.
Does the code in finally block get executed if there is an exception and a return statement in a catch block?
Or
What is the purpose of the finally clause of a try-catch-finally statement?
The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no matter whether or not an exception is thrown or caught. If an exception occurs and there is a return statement in catch block, the finally block is still executed. The finally block will not be executed when the System.exit(0) statement is executed earlier or on system shut down earlier or the memory is used up earlier before the thread goes to finally block.
try{ //some statements}catch{ //statements when exception is caught}finally{ //statements executed whether exception occurs or not} Does the order of placing catch statements matter in the catch block?
Yes, it does. The FileNoFoundException is inherited from the IOException. So FileNoFoundException is caught before IOException. Exception’s subclasses have to be caught first before the General Exception
What is the difference between Swing and AWT components?
AWT components are heavy-weight, whereas Swing components are lightweight. Hence Swing works faster than AWT. Heavy weight components depend on the local windowing toolkit. For example, java.awt.Button is a heavy weight component. Pluggable look and feel possible using java Swing. Also, we can switch from one look and feel to another at runtime in swing which is not possible in AWT.
Name the containers which use Border Layout as their default layout?
window, Frame and Dialog classes.
Name Container classes.
Window, Frame, Dialog, FileDialog, Panel, Applet, or ScrollPane
How can a GUI component handle its own events?
A component can handle its own events by implementing the required event-listener interface and adding itself as its own event listener.
What is the difference between the paint() and repaint() methods?
The paint() method supports painting via a Graphics object. The repaint() method is used to cause paint() to be invoked by the AWT painting thread.
Which package has light weight components?
javax.Swing package contains light weight components. All components in Swing, except JApplet, JDialog, JFrame and JWindow are lightweight components.
What are peerless components?
The peerless components are called light weight components.
What is a Container in a GUI?
A Container contains and arranges other components (including other containers) through the use of layout managers, which use specific layout policies to determine where components should go as a function of the size of the container.
How are the elements of a GridBagLayout organized?
Or
What is a layout manager and what are different types of layout managers available in java Swing?
Or
How are the elements of different layouts organized?
A layout manager is an object that is used to organize components in a container. The different layouts available are FlowLayout, BorderLayout, CardLayout, GridLayout and GridBagLayout.
FlowLayout: The elements of a FlowLayout are organized in a top to bottom, left to right fashion.
BorderLayout: The elements of a BorderLayout are organized at the borders (North, South, East and West) and the center of a container.
CardLayout: The elements of a CardLayout are stacked, on top of the other, like a deck of cards.
GridLayout: The elements of a GridLayout are of equal size and are laid out using the square of a grid.
GridBagLayout: The elements of a GridBagLayout are organized according to a grid. However, the elements may be different sizes and may occupy more than one row or column of the grid. In addition, the rows and columns may have different sizes.
What advantage do Java's layout managers provide over traditional windowing systems?
Java uses layout managers to lay out components in a consistent manner across all windowing platforms. Since Java's layout managers aren't tied to absolute sizing and positioning, they are able to accommodate platform-specific differences among windowing systems.
What method is used to specify a container's layout?
The setLayout() method is used to specify a container's layout. For example, setLayout(new FlowLayout()); will be set the layout as FlowLayout.
Which Container method is used to cause a container to be laid out and redisplayed?
validate()
Name Component subclasses that support painting.
The Canvas, Frame, Panel, and Applet classes support painting.
What is the purpose of the enableEvents() method?
The enableEvents() method is used to enable an event for a particular component. Normally, an event is enabled when a listener is added to an object for a particular event. The enableEvents() method is used by objects that handle events by overriding their event-dispatch methods.
What is the difference between a Window and a Frame?
The Frame class extends Window to define a main application window that can have a menu bar.
What do heavy weight components mean?
Heavy weight components like Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) depend on the local windowing toolkit. For example, java.awt.Button is a heavy weight component.
What is the difference between a Scrollbar and a ScrollPane?
A Scrollbar is just a Component, but not a Container. A ScrollPane is a Container. A ScrollPane handles its own events and performs its own scrolling.
What is the preferred size of a component?
The preferred size of a component is the minimum component size that will allow the component to display normally.
Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?
The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.
What are three ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
Or
What are different ways in which a thread can enter the waiting state?
A thread can enter the waiting state by the following ways:
1. Invoking its sleep() method,
2. By blocking on I/O
3. By unsuccessfully attempting to acquire an object's lock
4. By invoking an object's wait() method.
5. It can also enter the waiting state by invoking its (deprecated) suspend() method.
What is the difference between yielding and sleeping?
When a task invokes its yield() method, it returns to the ready state, either from waiting, running or after its creation. When a task invokes its sleep() method, it returns to the waiting state from a running state.
How to create multithreaded program? Explain different ways of using thread? When a thread is created and started, what is its initial state?
Or
Extending Thread class or implementing Runnable Interface. Which is better?
You have two ways to do so. First, making your class "extends" Thread class. The other way is making your class implement "Runnable" interface. The latter is more advantageous, cause when you are going for multiple inheritance, then only interface can help. . If you are already inheriting a different class, then you have to go for Runnable Interface. Otherwise you can extend Thread class. Also, if you are implementing interface, it means you have to implement all methods in the interface. Both Thread class and Runnable interface are provided for convenience and use them as per the requirement. But if you are not extending any class, better extend Thread class as it will save few lines of coding. Otherwise performance wise, there is no distinguishable difference.
A thread is in the ready state after it has been created and started.
What is mutual exclusion? How can you take care of mutual exclusion using Java threads?
Mutual exclusion is a phenomenon where no two processes can access critical regions of memory at the same time. Using Java multithreading we can arrive at mutual exclusion. For mutual exclusion, you can simply use the synchronized keyword and explicitly or implicitly provide an Object, any Object, to synchronize on. The synchronized keyword can be applied to a class, to a method, or to a block of code. There are several methods in Java used for communicating mutually exclusive threads such as wait( ), notify( ), or notifyAll( ). For example, the notifyAll( ) method wakes up all threads that are in the wait list of an object.
What is the difference between preemptive scheduling and time slicing?
Under preemptive scheduling, the highest priority task executes until it enters the waiting or dead states or a higher priority task comes into existence. Under time slicing, a task executes for a predefined slice of time and then re-enters the pool of ready tasks. The scheduler then determines which task should execute next, based on priority and other factors.
What invokes a thread's run() method?
After a thread is started, via its start() method of the Thread class, the JVM invokes the thread's run() method when the thread is initially executed.
What is the purpose of the wait(), notify(), and notifyAll() methods?
The wait(), notify() and notifyAll() methods are used to provide an efficient way for thread inter-communication.
What is thread? What are the high-level thread states?
Or
What are the states associated in the thread?
A thread is an independent path of execution in a system. The high-level thread states are ready, running, waiting and dead.
What is deadlock?
When two threads are waiting for each other and can’t proceed until the first thread obtains a lock on the other thread or vice versa, the program is said to be in a deadlock.
How does multithreading take place on a computer with a single CPU?
The operating system's task scheduler allocates execution time to multiple tasks. By quickly switching between executing tasks, it creates the impression that tasks execute sequentially.
What are synchronized methods and synchronized statements?
Synchronized methods are methods that are used to control access to an object. A thread only executes a synchronized method after it has acquired the lock for the method's object or class. Synchronized statements are similar to synchronized methods. A synchronized statement can only be executed after a thread has acquired the lock for the object or class referenced in the synchronized statement.
Can Java object be locked down for exclusive use by a given thread?
Or
What happens when a thread cannot acquire a lock on an object?
Yes. You can lock an object by putting it in a "synchronized" block. The locked object is inaccessible to any thread other than the one that explicitly claimed it.
If a thread attempts to execute a synchronized method or synchronized statement and is unable to acquire an object's lock, it enters the waiting state until the lock becomes available.
What’s the difference between the methods sleep() and wait()?
The sleep method is used when the thread has to be put aside for a fixed amount of time. Ex: sleep(1000), puts the thread aside for exactly one second. The wait method is used to put the thread aside for up to the specified time. It could wait for much lesser time if it receives a notify() or notifyAll() call. Ex: wait(1000), causes a wait of up to one second. The method wait() is defined in the Object and the method sleep() is defined in the class Thread.
What is the difference between process and thread?
A thread is a separate path of execution in a program. A Process is a program in execution.
What is daemon thread and which method is used to create the daemon thread?
Daemon threads are threads with low priority and runs in the back ground doing the garbage collection operation for the java runtime system. The setDaemon() method is used to create a daemon thread. These threads run without the intervention of the user. To determine if a thread is a daemon thread, use the accessor method isDaemon()
When a standalone application is run then as long as any user threads are active the JVM cannot terminate, otherwise the JVM terminates along with any daemon threads which might be active. Thus a daemon thread is at the mercy of the runtime system. Daemon threads exist only to serve user threads.
What do you understand by Synchronization?
Or
What is synchronization and why is it important?
Or
Describe synchronization in respect to multithreading?
Or
What is synchronization?
With respect to multithreading, Synchronization is a process of controlling the access of shared resources by the multiple threads in such a manner that only one thread can access a particular resource at a time. In non synchronized multithreaded application, it is possible for one thread to modify a shared object while another thread is in the process of using or updating the object's value. Synchronization prevents such type of data corruption which may otherwise lead to dirty reads and significant errors.
E.g. synchronizing a function:
public synchronized void Method1 () {
// method code.
}
E.g. synchronizing a block of code inside a function:
public Method2 (){
synchronized (this) {
// synchronized code here.
}
}
When you will synchronize a piece of your code?
When you expect that your shared code will be accessed by different threads and these threads may change a particular data causing data corruption, then they are placed in a synchronized construct or a synchronized method.
Why would you use a synchronized block vs. synchronized method?
Synchronized blocks place locks for shorter periods than synchronized methods.
What is an object's lock and which objects have locks?
Answer: An object's lock is a mechanism that is used by multiple threads to obtain synchronized access to the object. A thread may execute a synchronized method of an object only after it has acquired the object's lock. All objects and classes have locks. A class's lock is acquired on the class's Class object.
Can a lock be acquired on a class?
Yes, a lock can be acquired on a class. This lock is acquired on the class's Class object.
What state does a thread enter when it terminates its processing?
When a thread terminates its processing, it enters the dead state.
How would you implement a thread pool?
public class ThreadPool implements ThreadPoolInt
This class is an generic implementation of a thread pool, which takes the following input
a) Size of the pool to be constructed
b) Name of the class which implements Runnable and constructs a thread pool with active threads that are waiting for activation. Once the threads have finished processing they come back and wait once again in the pool.
This thread pool engine can be locked i.e. if some internal operation is performed on the pool then it is preferable that the thread engine be locked. Locking ensures that no new threads are issued by the engine. However, the currently executing threads are allowed to continue till they come back to the passivePool.
Is there a separate stack for each thread in Java?
Yes. Every thread maintains its own separate stack, called Runtime Stack but they share the same memory. Elements of the stack are the method invocations, called activation records or stack frame. The activation record contains pertinent information about a method like local variables.
What are Wrapper Classes? Describe the wrapper classes in Java.
Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as objects. Wrapper class is wrapper around a primitive data type.
Following table lists the primitive types and the corresponding wrapper classes:
| Primitive | Wrapper |
| Boolean | java.lang.Boolean |
| Byte | java.lang.Byte |
| Char | java.lang.Character |
| double | java.lang.Double |
| Float | java.lang.Float |
| Int | java.lang.Integer |
| Long | java.lang.Long |
| Short | java.lang.Short |
| Void | java.lang.Void |
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